<p>Startups embody entrepreneurial ambition, where visionary individuals pursue innovative ideas to achieve significant success. The path from concept to a thriving startup is filled with challenges, yet those who persist can reap substantial rewards. This guide reviews the stories of the 15 most successful startups, offering insightful case studies that shed light on the strategies for success in the competitive business landscape.</p><h2>What Is a Startup?</h2><p>A startup is a newly established business venture known for its innovative approach, scalability potential, and pursuit of rapid growth. These companies typically operate in emerging or disruptive sectors, introducing new products, services, or business models to the market. Startups typically begin with a small team of founders or entrepreneurs driven by a vision to address a specific problem or capitalize on an untapped opportunity.&nbsp;</p><p>Unlike traditional businesses, startups prioritize agility, experimentation, and iteration in their quest for success. They frequently seek external funding from investors, such as venture capitalists or angel investors, to fuel their growth and expansion efforts. The ultimate goal of a startup is to achieve sustainable growth, establish a strong market presence, and potentially disrupt or revolutionize their respective industries.</p><h2>What Percentage of Startups Are Successful?</h2><p>Determining what percentage of startups are successful can be challenging due to varying definitions of success and the dynamic nature of the startup ecosystem. However, various studies and analyses provide insights into the likelihood of startup success.</p><p>According to data from the Small Business Administration (SBA), about 20% of startups fail within the first year of operation. By the end of the second year, approximately 30% of startups cease operations, and by the fifth year, roughly 50% have closed down.</p>

Some statistics

<p>Moreover, research by Harvard Business School professor <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hbs.edu/news/Pages/item.aspx?num=487">Shikhar Ghosh</a> indicates that approximately 75% of venture-backed startups fail to return investors’ capital. This statistic underscores the high failure rate prevalent among startups, particularly those that have received external funding. However, success in the startup realm is not solely defined by longevity or financial returns. Some startups may pivot their business models, merge with other companies, or achieve success in alternative ways that are not captured by traditional metrics.</p><h2>Best Startup Case Studies to Get Inspired</h2><p>Startup entrepreneurship is a significant endeavor, but these remarkable startup case studies offer inspiration for aspiring entrepreneurs worldwide. If you consider launching your startup, it’s worth exploring the process of getting a patent on an idea, which can safeguard your innovative concepts. Also, examining how these successful startups exemplify various business models can provide valuable insights into the best types of businesses worth pursuing. Each of these ventures has established itself in diverse industries, demonstrating resilience, innovation, and unwavering commitment to its vision. Let’s review the 15 best startup examples.</p>

<figure class="table" style="width:18.57%;"><table class="ck-table-resized"><colgroup><col style="width:20%;"><col style="width:20%;"><col style="width:20%;"><col style="width:20%;"><col style="width:20%;"></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Startup</th><th>Location</th><th>Funding</th><th>Industry</th><th>About</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Zoom</td><td>San Jose, California, USA</td><td>$276M</td><td>Software</td><td>Zoom entered the market to provide a seamless and reliable video conferencing solution. Unlike established competitors, it focused on simplicity and ease of use. The developer company achieved this by prioritizing intuitive design for both hosts and participants and investing heavily in technology to ensure stable connections and high-quality video and audio. These efforts proved highly successful, positioning Zoom as the go-to video conferencing platform for businesses, educational institutions, and individuals worldwide. Its innovative features played a significant role in its widespread adoption and success, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic when remote work and virtual meetings became increasingly prevalent.</td></tr><tr><td>OpenAI</td><td>San Francisco, California, USA</td><td>$11.3B</td><td>Artificial intelligence</td><td>OpenAI is at the forefront of artificial general intelligence (AGI) development, prioritizing safety, ethics, and societal benefit. The company has assembled a team of leading researchers and experts in the field of AI to address the challenges of AGI advancement. By collaborating with academic institutions, industry partners, and policymakers, OpenAI actively engages in discussions surrounding the ethical and safety implications of AI. Through its dedication to research, innovation, and responsible AI development, OpenAI continues to push the boundaries of artificial intelligence, driving progress that benefits humanity as a whole.</td></tr><tr><td>Stripe</td><td>San Francisco, California, USA</td><td>$8.7B</td><td>Financial technology</td><td>Since its inception, Stripe has simplified online payment processing for businesses of all sizes while ensuring security, scalability, and reliability. Through a suite of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and tools, Stripe has streamlined the payment process, making it easy for businesses to accept payments online. Its unwavering commitment to security measures has safeguarded against fraud and data breaches, while its dedication to innovation ensures it meets the dynamic needs of its global customer base. As a result, Stripe has become the preferred payment processing solution for millions of businesses worldwide.</td></tr><tr><td>Netflix</td><td>Los Gatos, California, USA</td><td>$31.6B</td><td>Entertainment/streaming</td><td>Netflix has revolutionized the entertainment industry, once dominated by cable TV and DVD rentals, by introducing a new streaming model. Through substantial investments in original content production and strategic licensing agreements with studios, the company has curated a vast library of movies and TV shows. Leveraging data analytics, Netflix personalizes recommendations, enhancing the user experience. Its streaming platform has attracted millions of subscribers globally, driving revenue growth and establishing Netflix as a dominant force in the entertainment industry.</td></tr><tr><td>Moz</td><td>Seattle, Washington, USA</td><td>$29.1M</td><td>Software/SEO</td><td>Moz is a leading provider of SEO software and tools, empowering businesses to improve their online visibility and drive organic traffic. With a comprehensive suite of solutions, including keyword research, link building, and analytics, Moz has become a trusted resource for marketers and SEO professionals, enabling them to navigate the ever-evolving digital landscape effectively.</td></tr><tr><td>Foursquare</td><td>New York City, New York, USA</td><td>$390.4M</td><td>Technology</td><td>Foursquare has pioneered the realm of location-based social networking, offering users the ability to discover new places, share experiences, and connect with friends. Through features like check-ins and recommendations, it has created a vibrant community while establishing partnerships with businesses to offer targeted advertising and promotional opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td>Duolingo</td><td>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA</td><td>$183.3M</td><td>Education technology</td><td>Duolingo has revolutionized language learning with its free and interactive platform, offering engaging lessons in multiple languages to a wide audience. By integrating gamification and personalized learning algorithms, Duolingo has made language education accessible to millions worldwide, fostering cultural connections. Its commitment to innovation and accessibility has established it as a trusted resource in global education, making language learning engaging and available to everyone.</td></tr><tr><td>Dropbox</td><td>San Francisco, California, USA</td><td>$1.7B</td><td>Technology</td><td>Dropbox provides a secure and user-friendly solution for storing, syncing, and sharing files in the cloud. With a focus on simplicity and integration with existing workflows and devices, it has garnered widespread adoption. Its commitment to security, evidenced by encryption and two-factor authentication, ensures the safety of user data. As a result, Dropbox has established itself as a leading cloud storage provider in the cloud storage space, reshaping file storage and collaboration practices while driving significant user growth and revenue expansion.</td></tr><tr><td>Uber</td><td>San Francisco, California, USA</td><td>$25.2B</td><td>Transportation/technology</td><td>Uber has leveraged technology to connect riders with drivers seamlessly, offering a convenient and reliable alternative to traditional taxis. Expanding its services to include options such as UberX, Uber Pool, and Uber Eats has diversified its revenue streams and further solidified its market presence. Uber’s disruptive platform has redefined urban mobility, making convenience and affordability synonymous with its brand. With millions of riders and drivers globally, Uber has reshaped transportation norms and set new standards for accessibility and convenience in the industry.</td></tr><tr><td>Airbnb</td><td>San Francisco, California, USA</td><td>$6.4B</td><td>Tourism/lodging</td><td>Airbnb has transformed the travel and hospitality sector by offering a platform for individuals to rent out their homes or properties to travelers. It provides unique and authentic accommodations worldwide, ranging from apartments and houses to castles and treehouses. The platform prioritizes trust and safety with rigorous verification processes for hosts and guests, including ID verification and reviews. Through its emphasis on community, trust, and authenticity, Airbnb has created a vibrant marketplace that empowers hosts to monetize their properties and provides travelers with memorable and immersive experiences.</td></tr><tr><td>Canva</td><td>Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</td><td>$572.6M</td><td>Graphic design software</td><td>Canva has democratized the field of design by providing a user-friendly platform that enables individuals and businesses to create professional-quality visuals with ease. Through its collaborative features and seamless integration with popular platforms like social media and email marketing tools, Canva has become indispensable for designers, marketers, educators, and entrepreneurs worldwide. Its innovative approach to graphic design has driven user growth and revenue expansion, solidifying Canva’s position as a leader in the industry.</td></tr><tr><td>Spotify</td><td>Stockholm, Stockholms Lan, Sweden</td><td>$2.1B</td><td>Music/streaming</td><td>Spotify has revolutionized the music industry by introducing a personalized music streaming service that provides access to millions of songs on demand across various devices. Through curated playlists, algorithmic recommendations, and exclusive content partnerships, Spotify has redefined how people discover, consume, and share music. Its innovative approach to music streaming has attracted millions of subscribers globally, driving revenue growth and establishing Spotify as the leading music streaming platform.</td></tr><tr><td>Snowflake</td><td>San Mateo, California, USA</td><td>$2B</td><td>Technology</td><td>Snowflake offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for storing and analyzing vast amounts of data in the cloud. Its unique architecture separates storage and compute, allowing users to scale resources independently and optimize performance and cost efficiency. Snowflake’s platform integrates seamlessly with popular data analytics tools and services, making it a preferred choice for businesses seeking to unlock insights from their data. Its innovative cloud data management strategy has been widely embraced across various industries, cementing its status as a top player in the field.</td></tr><tr><td>Coinbase</td><td>San Francisco, California, USA</td><td>$1.8B</td><td>Financial technology</td><td>Coinbase is a leading cryptocurrency exchange and wallet platform, providing users with a secure and user-friendly interface to buy, sell, and store various digital assets. The platform prioritizes security with features like multi-factor authentication and cold storage of digital assets. Coinbase also emphasizes transparency and education, providing resources to help users understand and navigate the complexities of cryptocurrency. Through its commitment to security, compliance, and user education, Coinbase has become the go-to platform for millions of users worldwide, driving trading volume and revenue growth while fostering trust in the digital asset ecosystem.</td></tr><tr><td>Brii Biosciences</td><td>Durham, North Carolina, USA</td><td>$415M</td><td>Biotechnology</td><td>Brii Biosciences is a biotechnology company focused on developing innovative therapies for infectious diseases and other global health challenges. With a mission to positively influence worldwide public health, the company has assembled a team of world-class scientists and researchers while establishing strategic partnerships to accelerate the development of innovative treatments. Through its dedication to scientific research and collaboration, Brii Biosciences strives to improve patient outcomes and contribute to the advancement of public health globally.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>

<p>If your venture involves launching an online selling platform, consider researching the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trustname.com/blog/what-to-sell-online-to-make-money">most popular items to sell online</a>. Understanding <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trustname.com/blog/small-business-marketing">marketing tips for small businesses</a> and consumer demand can serve as a cornerstone for shaping your startup strategy, enabling you to pinpoint lucrative growth prospects and chart a path towards success.</p>

We've got you covered

<h2>Your Business Might Be on This List Too!</h2><p>In conclusion, examining how many remarkable achievements these 15 startups offer provides valuable lessons and insights for both aspiring entrepreneurs and established businesses. From revolutionizing entire industries to reshaping the way you live, work, and communicate, these success stories showcase the profound impact of innovation, persistence, and strategic foresight. <strong>It’s essential to recognize that success is not limited to a select few; with dedication, creativity, and a willingness to embrace challenges, your business has the potential to achieve similar heights.</strong> So dream big, take bold action, and your business might be on this list too, waiting to make its mark on the world.</p>

Learn from the best! Here are the best successful startup case studies to inspire you to start a business in 2026.

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Most Successful Startups [15 Case Studies]

<p>Imagine earning money consistently, regardless of your location or the time of day. This is the essence of affiliate marketing programs – a dynamic field that empowers individuals to generate income while they sleep or do other tasks. With the affiliate marketing industry thriving globally, it’s no wonder that more people are exploring this avenue for financial independence and passive income. If you are curious about this marketing method and how it works, this comprehensive guide for beginners demystifies the concept, providing insights into how to tap into this lucrative industry.</p><h2>What Is an Affiliate Program?</h2><p><strong>An affiliate program typically refers to a structured arrangement between a brand (the merchant) and an affiliate (the promoter), wherein the latter promotes the brand’s products or services in trade for a commission on sales or other predetermined actions.</strong> It serves as the foundation of affiliate commerce, facilitating mutually beneficial partnerships between brands and promoters. These programs enable brands to leverage the reach and influence of affiliates to drive sales and expand their customer base. Joining numerous programs often comes at no cost to the promoter.</p><h2>How Does an Affiliate Program Work?</h2><p>You may wonder, <i>How does it work?</i> This program operates via a structured process where brands and affiliates collaborate. Promoters sign up for the program and receive unique tracking links. They then promote the brand’s products or services through various channels, engaging their audience and driving traffic. Promoters earn a commission when a visitor buys or completes a desired action through an affiliate link. Both parties monitor performance, and promoters are paid regularly based on their referrals.</p><h2>Types of Affiliate Marketing</h2><p>Affiliate marketing encompasses various models, each with its unique characteristics and advantages. These models include:</p>

<p>Revenue-sharing models distribute a percentage of the revenue from sales attributed to affiliates, while tiered programs offer varying commission levels based on performance tiers. Additionally, multi-tier marketing allows promoters to earn from their direct referrals and those of their recruits.</p><h2>Affiliate Marketing Pros &amp; Cons</h2><p>Affiliate marketing offers numerous benefits, including low entry costs, flexibility in product promotion, and scalable income potential. Marketers can align their interests and leverage audience growth to optimize their strategies effectively.</p><p>However, some drawbacks exist, such as dependence on third-party platforms and affiliate networks, which can impose restrictions or policy changes affecting promoters’ income streams. Additionally, competition within popular niches can be fierce, making it difficult for newcomers to attract a large audience.</p>

Note

<h2>How Do Affiliate Marketers Get Paid?</h2><p>As discussed earlier, promoters receive compensation through various payment structures established by merchants or affiliate networks. Payment frequency and minimum payout thresholds vary depending on the program. Payments are typically made via electronic transfer, check, or PayPal.</p><p>Furthermore, some programs may offer performance-based incentives or bonuses to top-performing promoters, encouraging them to drive additional sales or leads. These incentives can further motivate marketers to optimize their promotional efforts and achieve higher conversions.</p><p>It’s essential for promoters to review and understand the payment terms and conditions of each program they join to ensure transparency and clarity regarding their compensation. Additionally, staying informed about any updates or changes to payment methods or terms can help them effectively manage their earnings and financial expectations.</p><h3>How Much Does an Affiliate Marketer Make?</h3><p>Promoter earnings vary widely based on niche selection, audience size, conversion rates, and promotional strategies. Some may earn anywhere from a few hundred dollars per month to tens of thousands or more. High-performing promoters have the potential to earn 6 or 7 figures annually, while some generate substantial revenue streams that can rival or exceed traditional full-time incomes.</p><p>Furthermore, promoters may also diversify their income streams by participating in multiple programs, creating and selling their digital products, offering consulting services, or monetizing their platforms through advertising or sponsorships. The ability to scale and optimize promotional efforts, coupled with ongoing learning and adaptation, often contributes to increased earning potential in affiliate marketing.</p><h2>Tips on How to Create a Successful Affiliate Program</h2><p>Creating a successful promoter program requires careful planning, strategic implementation, and ongoing management. Here are some tips to help you develop and maintain a thriving program:</p>

<p>By following these tips, you can create a successful affiliate program that expands your business’s reach, which means you’ll achieve tangible outcomes and broader visibility. Additionally, consider collaborating with website developers to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trustname.com/blog/how-to-build-ecommerce-website">build an e-commerce website</a> that complements your promotional efforts and enhances the overall success of your program.</p><h2>How to Promote Your Affiliate Program</h2><p>Promoting such programs involves leveraging channels such as social media, email marketing, and your website to attract potential promoters. Provide clear program benefits, commission structures, and promotional resources to entice promoters to join. Actively engage with potential marketers, offer sign-up incentives, and showcase success stories to demonstrate the program’s value. Additionally, consider reaching out to influencers or industry leaders who may be interested in promoting your program to their audience. Also, consider running targeted advertising campaigns to reach a wider audience. Further, encourage promoters to incorporate a personalized <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trustname.com/blog/thank-you-message-for-customers">thank you note for a purchase</a> via their referral link, fostering customer appreciation and enhancing the overall shopping experience.</p>

<h2>Examples of the Best Affiliate Programs</h2><p>Here are some examples of top successful affiliate programs across various industries. Each offers unique opportunities to earn commissions via promotional efforts.</p><h3>Amazon</h3><p>Amazon’s affiliate program, Amazon Associates, is open to bloggers, publishers, and content creators with qualifying websites or mobile apps. Applicants undergo a review process to ensure they meet the program’s criteria before approval. Upon approval, promoters access Amazon’s extensive range of products for promotion. Commission income is disbursed approximately 60 days after the end of the month it was earned.</p><h3>ModafinilXL Online Pharmacy</h3><p>ModafinilXL’s affiliate program targets a niche market interested in nootropics. With a conversion action set to pay-per-sale and a generous commission structure, it offers a compelling opportunity for promoters looking to maximize their earnings in the pharmaceutical niche. Marketers can earn high commissions, ranging from 29% to 50% on every order (shipping not included). They enjoy weekly fast, easy, and steady payouts, with options for wire transfers, ePayments, or Bitcoin every Monday. Plus, there’s no need to worry about payments until you’ve earned at least $200.</p><h3>LEGO</h3><p>At LEGO, promoters earn commissions for sales generated on LEGO.com, with exclusions on delivery, taxes, and returns. They benefit from comprehensive reporting and sales tracking facilitated by its trusted network partners. Additionally, promoters gain access to exclusive newsletters, product insights, and special promotion updates to enhance their marketing efforts and maximize their earning potential.</p><h3>Nike</h3><p>Nike Affiliate Program enables publishers, content creators, and bloggers to monetize traffic effectively. To join this program, applicants can visit the CJ Affiliate page and submit an application form. Each application undergoes individual review based on site traffic, content quality, and alignment with the Nike brand. Accepted promoters gain access to a range of benefits, including up to 15% commission on valid U.S. sales, category-specific affiliate banners, an automated product feed, and regular newsletters with early access to offers and product launches.</p><h3>Sephora</h3><p>Sephora’s program offers straightforward and user-friendly partnership opportunities, granting affiliates access to over 200 coveted brands and more than 13,000 high-quality products. Through this program, marketers can focus on product promotion, while the company manages ordering, shipping, and billing. Additionally, affiliates enjoy perks such as commission earnings on all products without brand restrictions, everyday free shipping on orders over $50, complimentary samples with every purchase, exclusive newsletters, product previews, promotional materials, and special affiliate-only offers and promotions.</p>

<h2>Affiliate Marketing FAQ</h2><p>Are you looking for answers to common questions about affiliate marketing? Whether you’re new to the field or seeking to optimize your strategies, our FAQ section has got you covered.</p>

<h2>Start Affiliate Marketing for Your Business Right Now</h2><p>In conclusion, affiliate marketing presents a powerful opportunity for companies to expand their reach, increase sales, and drive revenue growth through strategic partnerships with promoters. By following the insights from this guide, you can launch a successful program, attract quality partners, and drive results. Whether you represent a brand or an individual, seize the opportunity today to tap into the potential of promoter marketing. Start building partnerships, expanding your reach, and realizing your financial objectives through this dynamic marketing approach.</p>

Here's everything you need to know about affiliate marketing in 2026. Find out all the benefits and how to create your own affiliate program to generate additional income from your business.

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What Is an Affiliate Program? Full Guide for 2026 [+Examples]

<p>As online shopping platforms continue to grow swiftly, effective inventory management has become increasingly essential. SKUs (abbreviation for stock keeping units) are instrumental in this regard. But, what is a SKU and what does it stand for in sales? This guide provides a comprehensive overview of SKUs and their crucial role in optimizing business operations. It covers their meaning and purpose, how to create SKU numbers, how long they should be, the distinction between SKUs and UPCs, and clarifies the relationship between SKUs, barcodes, and serial numbers. Additionally, it addresses frequently asked questions about SKUs, offering valuable insights.</p><h2>What Is a SKU?</h2><p>By definition, <span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0;text-align:left;">an&nbsp;<strong>SKU is a unique code designated for</strong></span><strong> each product in a company’s catalog, aiding in internal tracking and inventory management.</strong> It comprises a mix of letters and numbers that convey various product attributes, such as manufacturer, brand, style, color, and size, making it easier to differentiate between similar items. Each company generates its unique set of SKUs tailored to its product offerings. While different companies may sell the same items, such as yoga pants, they typically use distinct internal codes to manage their inventory. How many digits should the SKU generator produce? Most codes typically range from 8 to 12 characters. You can find free SKU generator tools to produce your own codes for your inventory items.</p><h3>SKU Number Example</h3><p>An illustrative example of a SKU number might be “DRE-FLR-12.” In this example, “DRE” serves as the product identifier, specifying that the item is a dress. Following that, “FLR” stands for “floral,” describing the pattern or design of the dress, while “12” denotes the size variant of the dress. This structured format enables precise identification and categorization of products within the inventory system, facilitating efficient management and retrieval processes.</p><h3>What Is the Purpose of a SKU?</h3><p>SKUs serve as standardized identifiers crucial for product identification and tracking within a company’s inventory management system. <strong>They play a pivotal role in accurately monitoring product movement and stock turnover.</strong> Besides, SKUs categorize products based on attributes, optimizing storage and improving inventory accessibility. By providing unique codes, SKUs expedite order fulfillment processes, support in-depth sales analysis, and enable precise tracking of product variants. Furthermore, they streamline replenishment orders, enabling proactive inventory management to efficiently meet customer demand.</p><h2>What Is SKU Used for in Retail Business</h2><p>In retail business, SKUs serve as essential identifiers for products, facilitating various operational aspects:</p>

<p>Besides, SKUs facilitate quick and accurate identification of products, enabling retailers to provide prompt assistance to customers and enhance the overall shopping experience.</p><h2>How to Make Your Own SKU Numbers</h2><p>To create custom SKU numbers tailored to your business needs, follow these systematic steps:</p>

<p>Furthermore, the SKU system must be regularly reviewed and updated to accommodate changes in product offerings or business requirements, maintaining flexibility and adaptability for efficient inventory management. Make sure all team members understand its structure and usage.</p>

<p>For aspiring entrepreneurs, finding inspiration, insights, and guidance from <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trustname.com/blog/startup-case-studies">startup case studies</a> is great when navigating the path to business success. Moreover, if you are considering entrepreneurship in the Golden State, it’s essential to grasp the intricacies of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trustname.com/blog/how-to-start-business-in-california">starting a business in California</a> to establish a thriving brand without facing unnecessary legal hurdles.</p><h2>Difference Between SKU and UPC</h2><p>The difference between SKUs and UPCs (Universal Product Codes) lies in their respective roles and purposes within inventory management and retail operations. As discussed, SKUs are internal tracking codes specific to individual companies or retailers, used for identifying and managing products within their inventory systems. Conversely, UPCs are universal identifiers assigned to products by manufacturers or suppliers, facilitating product identification at the point of sale across various retailers and distribution channels. These standardized barcodes allow scanners to retrieve product information from retailers’ databases during checkout, streamlining transactions and inventory tracking.</p><h2>Is SKU the Same As Serial Number?</h2><p>You may wonder whether a SKU is the same as a serial number. <strong>No, it isn’t.</strong> Although both are employed for product identification, they fulfill separate functions and encompass different kinds of data. While you may already be familiar with SKU guidelines, it’s worth noting that a serial number serves as a unique identifier assigned to each product unit by its manufacturer. These numbers distinguish between separate units of the same product, enabling traceability and warranty tracking. They provide detailed information about specific manufacturing details, including batch number, production date, and other relevant data.</p><h2>SKU vs. Barcode</h2><p>As for SKUs vs barcodes, these codes serve different purposes. Barcodes, such as UPC and EAN (European Article Number), are graphical representations of machine-readable data, usually presented in parallel lines of differing widths. They encode product details in a standardized format for quick scanning at checkout, facilitating efficient transactions and accurate inventory tracking. In contrast, SKUs contain more detailed attributes and are used for internal product identification and management within the inventory system of a company.</p><h2>Common Mistakes to Avoid with Stock-Keeping Unit Numbers</h2><p>To manage SKUs effectively and avoid inefficiencies in inventory management, it’s essential to avoid common mistakes. Here are some key practices to follow:</p>

<p>By adhering to these best practices, companies can optimize their inventory management workflows and maintain accurate records of their SKU codes.</p><h2>SKU Numbers FAQ</h2><p>Let’s explore some FAQs about SKUs to gain a deeper insight into how these unique identifiers streamline inventory tracking and enhance organizational efficiency.</p>

<h2>Bottom Line</h2><p>In summary, SKUs are indispensable tools for efficient business inventory management. Their meticulous assignment and organization play a crucial role in enabling companies to streamline operations, optimize supply chain logistics, and enhance overall productivity. By implementing a robust SKU system that aligns with the unique needs and goals of the business, companies can maximize efficiency and stay ahead in today’s competitive landscape. Furthermore, continuous refinement and adaptation of the SKU system ensure its relevance and efficacy in meeting evolving market demands and business objectives, thereby reinforcing its significance as a cornerstone of operational excellence.</p>

What does SKU mean in retail? How can you create your own stock-keeping unit numbers? Our complete guide tells you everything you need to know about SKU in 2026.

What Is a SKU? How to Use Stock Keeping Units in Your Business

Do you have an idea to develop your business, but don't know how to legally protect it from competitors? This guide describes 10 simple steps to patent your business idea and stay calm.

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How to Patent an Idea in 10 Steps (2026 Guide)

Read our #1 guide to learn how to start your own t-shirt business. We have detailed every step, from developing an idea to creating a marketing plan for profitable t-shirt sales.

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How to Start a T-Shirt Business in 2026

Discover the best passive income ideas that actually work. You can easily achieve financial freedom by focusing on other priorities in life.

15+ Top Passive Income Ideas for 2026

What is consignment and how does this business model work? This guide explains the pros and cons of consignment businesses and provides some examples.

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What Is Consignment? Definition, Examples, and How It Works [2026 Guide]

<p dir="ltr">Selecting a trustworthy domain registrar is essential for the security and success of your online business. The article highlights how Trustname aims to be a reliable partner in this process. It outlines the company's approach to handling complaints, emphasizing fairness, transparency and a commitment to international laws.</p><hr><h2 dir="ltr" id="Key-Takeaways" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Key Takeaways</strong></h2><section dir="ltr" style="
    padding: 10px; background-color: #eee; margin-top: 10px;">[Component][List][Markers] Custom</section><div style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #eee;"><ul class="list list--custom" dir="ltr" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px; padding-left: 30px;"><li dir="ltr"><strong dir="ltr">Trustname's Complaint System&nbsp;</strong>– It evaluates complaints against your domain name using a rigorous process, with a focus on fairness and legal criteria.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong dir="ltr">Presumption of Innocence&nbsp;</strong>– Trustname operates on the principle that customers are innocent until proven guilty, ensuring we won't take action against a domain just because a complaint has been filed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong dir="ltr">Global Legal Perspective&nbsp;</strong>– Trustname acknowledges the global nature of the internet and considers international laws and jurisdictions when resolving disputes.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong dir="ltr">Focused Authority&nbsp;</strong>– As a domain registrar, Trustname has limited authority. While we can take action on a domain name in the event of clear DNS abuse, we cannot affect a website's content unless we host the site as well.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong dir="ltr">Adherence to Regulations&nbsp;</strong>– The company is bound by laws in Estonia, its location, as well as ICANN policies, ensuring a robust legal framework for all its operations.</li></ul></div><hr><p class="fd-toc"><strong>TABLE OF CONTENTS</strong></p><ul><li><a href="#Key-Takeaways">Key Takeaways</a></li><li><a href="#Navigating-the-Challenges-of-Domain-Registration">Navigating the Challenges of Domain Registration</a></li><li><a href="#Rigorous-Complaint-Evaluation-Process">Rigorous Complaint Evaluation Process</a></li><li><a href="#Presumption-of-Innocence-&amp;-International-Considerations">Presumption of Innocence &amp; International Considerations</a></li><li><a href="#How-Would-We-Resolve-A-Real-Life-Dispute?">How Would We Resolve A Real-Life Dispute?</a></li><li><a href="#Understanding-the-DNS-Ecosystem-and-Registrar%C2%A0Authority">Understanding the DNS Ecosystem and Registrar&nbsp;Authority</a></li><li><a href="#The-Limited-Yet-Focused-Authority-of-Trustname">The Limited Yet Focused Authority of Trustname</a></li><li><a href="#Adhering-to-Laws-and-Regulations-Across-Jurisdictions">Adhering to Laws and Regulations Across Jurisdictions</a></li><li><a href="#The-Golden-Principle-of-Self-Doubt-in-Practice">The Golden Principle of Self-Doubt in Practice</a></li><li><a href="#Transparency-&amp;-Ethical-Considerations-in-Internet-Governance">Transparency &amp; Ethical Considerations in Internet Governance</a></li><li><a href="#The-Role-of-Trustname-in-the-Complex-Digital-Landscape">The Role of Trustname in the Complex Digital Landscape</a></li></ul><hr><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">In a world where online visibility directly translates to more sales, your domain names hold the keys to the success of your business. Because of this, choosing a reliable registrar is vital to having a secure, credible, and visible website.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">But with so many registrars not able to deliver on their promises, <strong>Trustname</strong> is one of the few names you can count on. So, let’s explore how we can be a trusted ally that empowers your online journey.</p><h2 dir="ltr" id="Navigating-the-Challenges-of-Domain-Registration" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Navigating The Challenges of Domain Registration</strong></h2><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">A domain name is more than just a web address; it is a valuable asset that propels the success of your business online. This has led to an increase in<strong>&nbsp;fraudulent attacks</strong> aimed at extorting money from you or penalizing your website.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">These rotten eggs register false complaints and then demand a substantial fee to have their complaints removed. Some of your competitors may also make false complaints in an attempt to have your website taken down.</p><p><br></p><section data-type="system" dir="ltr" style="
    padding: 10px; background-color: #eee;">[Component][Callout] Wrapper - Success</section><div class="callout callout--type_default callout--style_success" style="border: 1px solid #eee; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><section data-type="system" style="margin-bottom: 10px; color: #555; font-style: italic;">Insert title here [Component][Callout] Title/Title with Icon -&gt;&nbsp;</section><div class="callout-text" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">To address these challenges, Trustname has implemented a comprehensive complaint-handling system aligned with the DNS Abuse Framework. We operate under the principle that our customers are acting in good faith and that their businesses are legitimate unless proven otherwise by a valid court order. Our team carefully reviews every report and works to protect our customers’ rights throughout the process.</p></div></div><h2 dir="ltr" id="Rigorous-Complaint-Evaluation-Process" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong>Rigorous Complaint Evaluation Process</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">Before taking any action, we thoroughly evaluate each complaint in accordance with strict legal criteria. You can visit our <a href="https://trustname.com/article/202000099159">Abuse Reporting Procedures</a> to gain detailed insights into how we handle complaints related to your domain.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">However, we recognize the complexity of each case and understand that not all issues can be resolved by only us that’s why we have established a specific complaint procedure.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><section dir="ltr" style="
    padding: 10px; background-color: #eee;">[Component][Callout] Wrapper - Warning</section><div class="callout callout--type_default callout--style_warning" style="border: 1px solid #eee; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><section style="margin-bottom: 10px; color: #555; font-style: italic;">Insert title here [Component][Callout] Title/Title with Icon -&gt;&nbsp;</section><div class="callout-text" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px; margin-top: 10px;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">We don’t accept complaints via email instead, they must be submitted through a detailed form process that requires comprehensive evidence and thorough information.</p></div></div><h2 dir="ltr" id="Presumption-of-Innocence-&amp;-International-Considerations" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Presumption of Innocence &amp; International Considerations</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">We firmly believe that you’re <strong dir="ltr">innocent until proven guilty</strong>, so you can rest assured that we’ll never take any action simply because a complaint has been made. This principle is crucial when addressing online cases, as what might seem illicit in one region could be entirely legal in another.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">Trustname recognizes the global nature of the Internet, where diverse populations rely on it to grow their businesses. Our commitment to the presumption of innocence ensures that we carefully consider each case, recognizing the differences and legal variations that exist across various countries.</p><h2 dir="ltr" id="How-Would-We-Resolve-A-Real-Life-Dispute?" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Example: How Would We Resolve a Real-Life Dispute?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">Let’s consider a <strong>real-world scenario that illustrates the complexities</strong> we navigate at Trustname.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">Imagine a patient in Uganda who urgently needs life-saving medication but lacks a prescription because of his country's weak healthcare system. After a quick search, he finds an online pharmacy based in India that sells prescription medications.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 10pt;">Although unlicensed in the United States, this Pharmacy operates legally in India, providing critical medications such as generic anti-HIV and hepatitis C drugs, as well as antibiotics, at affordable prices. It ships worldwide, including to Uganda.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">Then, when US citizens begin to access this pharmacy, we receive complaints that the website should be shut down for operating without a valid license. However, patients from developing countries rely on this pharmacy for vital medicines due to geographic and financial constraints, as well as limited access to patented, life-saving drugs.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt;">It’s understandable - from a U.S. perspective, this pharmacy might be considered rogue for operating without a valid license. So how will Trustname act?</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 10pt;">In such a case, we approach it by carefully analyzing these factors:</p><p dir="ltr"><br></p><section dir="ltr" style="
    padding: 10px; background-color: #eee; margin-top: 10px;">[Component][List][Markers] Custom</section><div style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #eee;"><ul class="list list--custom" dir="ltr" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px; padding-left: 30px;"><li><strong dir="ltr">Legal jurisdictions&nbsp;</strong>– We assess the pharmacy's compliance with laws in its operating country and international regulations.<br><br></li><li><strong dir="ltr">Patient needs&nbsp;</strong>– We recognize the critical need for access to essential medications, especially in developing regions, and assess the impact of closing the pharmacy.<br><br></li><li dir="ltr"><strong dir="ltr">Ethical evaluation&nbsp;</strong>– We weigh the importance of enforcing regulations against the potential harm caused by restricting access to life-saving drugs.</li></ul></div><p dir="ltr"><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;margin-bottom: 10pt;">To resolve this issue, <strong>Trustname will not penalize the online pharmacy</strong> but instead find a balanced resolution that respects legal requirements while prioritizing public health and access to essential medicines.</p><h2 dir="ltr" id="Understanding-the-DNS-Ecosystem-and-Registrar&nbsp;Authority" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Understanding the DNS Ecosystem and Registrar&nbsp;</strong><strong dir="ltr">Authority</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;margin-bottom: 10pt;">As registrars, our role goes beyond just domain registration. When you register a web address with Trustname or through one of our resellers, you initiate a series of processes that occur behind the scenes.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;margin-bottom: 10pt;">We are responsible for managing domain databases and web hosting services that connect domain names to physical servers. We ensure that users navigating the web have access to data, often unaware of what we do.</p><h2 dir="ltr" id="The-Limited-Yet-Focused-Authority-of-Trustname" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">The Limited Yet Focused Authority of Trustname</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">Our authority is derived from our compliance with <strong>ICANN policies</strong> and the<strong>&nbsp;DNS Abuse Framework</strong>, but it is both focused and limited in scope.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">We can punish a domain name, but the content associated with it remains accessible through its IP address. This illustrates why content-related complaints are often better directed at web hosting providers. We can only take action on a website if it is also hosted on our web servers, i.e., the domain owner has also purchased web hosting from us.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;margin-bottom: 10pt;">If you want to create a website that is accessible through your domain name, you’ll likely choose a web hosting service that offers a website builder and server space.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;margin-bottom: 10pt;">When you set up your website, you instruct your domain registrar to associate your domain name with the name servers provided by your web host. These name servers are crucial in directing traffic to your web hosting service.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">Once this setup is complete, when someone enters your domain name into a web browser such as Chrome, Safari, or Firefox, the browser queries the name servers associated with your domain. These name servers then redirect the user to your website’s IP address, a unique identifier such as "<strong dir="ltr">192.0.43.7</strong>" or "<strong dir="ltr">2620:0:2d0:200::7</strong>". This IP address is what identifies your site’s hosted data on the internet.</p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><br></h2><h2 dir="ltr" id="Adhering-to-Laws-and-Regulations-Across-Jurisdictions" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Adhering to Laws and Regulations Across Jurisdictions</strong></h2><section dir="ltr" style="
    padding: 10px; background-color: #eee; margin-top: 10px;">[Component][List][Markers] Custom</section><div style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #eee;"><ul class="list list--custom" dir="ltr" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px; padding-left: 30px;"><li dir="ltr">Just like in real life, navigating the internet requires following a diverse array of laws and regulations. Trustname operates under the legal frameworks of multiple jurisdictions and the contractual obligations set forth by <strong>ICANN</strong>, with compliance monitored and enforced by <strong>ICANN’s Contractual Compliance Department</strong>.</li><li dir="ltr">We manage domain names for customers (registrants) and must comply with <strong dir="ltr">ICANN’s Registrar Accreditation Agreeme</strong><strong dir="ltr">nt (RAA)&nbsp;</strong>as well as each registry’s contract, known as a Registry-Registrar Agreement (RRA).<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 10pt;">This includes various responsibilities such as collecting domain owner contact information and publishing it in public Whois records (which is why you need Trustname's Domain Privacy Protection), providing transfer codes upon request, and responding to abuse reports as required.</p></li><li dir="ltr">Additionally, we must adhere to consensus policies established by ICANN’s diverse community of Internet stakeholders. These policies, which focus on the administration of the DNS, are developed by working groups within the community and approved by the ICANN Board of Directors.</li><li dir="ltr">As a registrar, Trustname is subject to the laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Specifically, we adhere to regulations in Estonia and can only be influenced by court orders issued in Estonia, as that’s where we are physically located.</li></ul></div><hr><h2 dir="ltr" id="The-Golden-Principle-of-Self-Doubt-in-Practice" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">The Golden Principle of Self-Doubt In Practice</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">We helped draft the DNS Abuse Framework, which outlines our stance on various categories of abuse. However, following these rules can sometimes be challenging and this is where our Golden Principle of Self-Doubt comes into play. This principle guides us to err on the side of caution, provide avenues for appeal, and consult with experts when necessary.</p><p><br></p><h2 dir="ltr" id="Transparency-&amp;-Ethical-Considerations-in-Internet-Governance" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><strong dir="ltr">Transparency and Ethical Considerations In Internet Governance</strong></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">Transparency is a key component of our approach. At Trustname, we know that the Internet can be complex and occasionally chaotic. This is why we value its freedom and diversity while being aware of its challenges.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;"><br></p><p dir="ltr">To promote accountability and openness, Trustname publishes regular <a href="https://trustname.com/help/search?search=transparency%20report" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">transparency reports</a> detailing how we handle legal requests, abuse complaints, and domain-related actions. These reports provide insight into our processes and reinforce our commitment to due process and responsible internet governance.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38;">When addressing complaints, we strive to strike a balance between adhering to the rules and considering fairness. This ensures that we listen to everyone before taking any action.</p><section dir="ltr" style="
    padding: 10px; background-color: #eee;">[+] [Notice] Info</section><div class="callout callout--type_notice callout--style_info" style="border: 1px solid #eee; padding: 10px;"><section style="margin-bottom: 10px; color: #555; font-style: italic;">Insert title here [+] [Notice] Title -&gt;&nbsp;</section><section dir="ltr" style="padding: 10px; background-color: #eee;">[+] [Notice] Title</section><h4 class="callout-title" dir="ltr" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px;">The Role of Trustname In the Complex Digital Landscape</h4><div class="callout-text" style="border: 1px dashed #eee; padding: 10px;"><p dir="ltr">In a world where people often fail to play fair, we at Trustname are deeply committed to fair governance, adhering to the rules and transparency. This is why we proudly carry the responsibility of being the most trusted domain registrar in the modern digital age.</p><p><br></p></div></div>

 Selecting a trustworthy domain registrar is essential for the security and success of your online business. The article highlights how Trustname aims to be a reliable partner in this process. It outlines the company's approach to handling complaints, emphasizing fairness, transparency and a commitment to international laws.   Key Takeaways  [Component][List][Markers] Custom    Trustname's Complaint System – It evaluates complaints against your domain name using a rigorous process, with a focus on fairness and legal criteria.  Presumption of Innocence – Trustname operates on the principle that customers are innocent until proven guilty, ensuring we won't take action against a domain just because a complaint has been filed.  Global Legal Perspective – Trustname acknowledges the global nature of the internet and considers international laws and jurisdictions when resolving disputes.  Focused Authority – As a domain registrar, Trustname has limited authority. While we can take action on a domain name in the event of clear DNS abuse, we cannot affect a website's content unless we host the site as well.  Adherence to Regulations – The company is bound by laws in Estonia, its location, as well as ICANN policies, ensuring a robust legal framework for all its operations.     TABLE OF CONTENTS   Key Takeaways  Navigating the Challenges of Domain Registration  Rigorous Complaint Evaluation Process  Presumption of Innocence & International Considerations  How Would We Resolve A Real-Life Dispute?  Understanding the DNS Ecosystem and Registrar Authority  The Limited Yet Focused Authority of Trustname  Adhering to Laws and Regulations Across Jurisdictions  The Golden Principle of Self-Doubt in Practice  Transparency & Ethical Considerations in Internet Governance  The Role of Trustname in the Complex Digital Landscape    In a world where online visibility directly translates to more sales, your domain names hold the keys to the success of your business. Because of this, choosing a reliable registrar is vital to having a secure, credible, and visible website.  But with so many registrars not able to deliver on their promises, Trustname is one of the few names you can count on. So, let’s explore how we can be a trusted ally that empowers your online journey.  Navigating The Challenges of Domain Registration     A domain name is more than just a web address; it is a valuable asset that propels the success of your business online. This has led to an increase in fraudulent attacks aimed at extorting money from you or penalizing your website.  These rotten eggs register false complaints and then demand a substantial fee to have their complaints removed. Some of your competitors may also make false complaints in an attempt to have your website taken down.     [Component][Callout] Wrapper - Success   Insert title here [Component][Callout] Title/Title with Icon ->    To address these challenges, Trustname has implemented a comprehensive complaint-handling system aligned with the DNS Abuse Framework. We operate under the principle that our customers are acting in good faith and that their businesses are legitimate unless proven otherwise by a valid court order. Our team carefully reviews every report and works to protect our customers’ rights throughout the process.    Rigorous Complaint Evaluation Process  Before taking any action, we thoroughly evaluate each complaint in accordance with strict legal criteria. You can visit our Abuse Reporting Procedures to gain detailed insights into how we handle complaints related to your domain.  However, we recognize the complexity of each case and understand that not all issues can be resolved by only us that’s why we have established a specific complaint procedure.      [Component][Callout] Wrapper - Warning   Insert title here [Component][Callout] Title/Title with Icon ->    We don’t accept complaints via email instead, they must be submitted through a detailed form process that requires comprehensive evidence and thorough information.    Presumption of Innocence & International Considerations  We firmly believe that you’re innocent until proven guilty, so you can rest assured that we’ll never take any action simply because a complaint has been made. This principle is crucial when addressing online cases, as what might seem illicit in one region could be entirely legal in another.   Trustname recognizes the global nature of the Internet, where diverse populations rely on it to grow their businesses. Our commitment to the presumption of innocence ensures that we carefully consider each case, recognizing the differences and legal variations that exist across various countries.  Example: How Would We Resolve a Real-Life Dispute?  Let’s consider a real-world scenario that illustrates the complexities we navigate at Trustname.     Imagine a patient in Uganda who urgently needs life-saving medication but lacks a prescription because of his country's weak healthcare system. After a quick search, he finds an online pharmacy based in India that sells prescription medications.  Although unlicensed in the United States, this Pharmacy operates legally in India, providing critical medications such as generic anti-HIV and hepatitis C drugs, as well as antibiotics, at affordable prices. It ships worldwide, including to Uganda.     Then, when US citizens begin to access this pharmacy, we receive complaints that the website should be shut down for operating without a valid license. However, patients from developing countries rely on this pharmacy for vital medicines due to geographic and financial constraints, as well as limited access to patented, life-saving drugs.      It’s understandable - from a U.S. perspective, this pharmacy might be considered rogue for operating without a valid license. So how will Trustname act?  In such a case, we approach it by carefully analyzing these factors:     [Component][List][Markers] Custom    Legal jurisdictions – We assess the pharmacy's compliance with laws in its operating country and international regulations.    Patient needs – We recognize the critical need for access to essential medications, especially in developing regions, and assess the impact of closing the pharmacy.    Ethical evaluation – We weigh the importance of enforcing regulations against the potential harm caused by restricting access to life-saving drugs.       To resolve this issue, Trustname will not penalize the online pharmacy but instead find a balanced resolution that respects legal requirements while prioritizing public health and access to essential medicines.  Understanding the DNS Ecosystem and Registrar Authority  As registrars, our role goes beyond just domain registration. When you register a web address with Trustname or through one of our resellers, you initiate a series of processes that occur behind the scenes.  We are responsible for managing domain databases and web hosting services that connect domain names to physical servers. We ensure that users navigating the web have access to data, often unaware of what we do.  The Limited Yet Focused Authority of Trustname  Our authority is derived from our compliance with ICANN policies and the DNS Abuse Framework, but it is both focused and limited in scope.      We can punish a domain name, but the content associated with it remains accessible through its IP address. This illustrates why content-related complaints are often better directed at web hosting providers. We can only take action on a website if it is also hosted on our web servers, i.e., the domain owner has also purchased web hosting from us.     If you want to create a website that is accessible through your domain name, you’ll likely choose a web hosting service that offers a website builder and server space.     When you set up your website, you instruct your domain registrar to associate your domain name with the name servers provided by your web host. These name servers are crucial in directing traffic to your web hosting service.     Once this setup is complete, when someone enters your domain name into a web browser such as Chrome, Safari, or Firefox, the browser queries the name servers associated with your domain. These name servers then redirect the user to your website’s IP address, a unique identifier such as "192.0.43.7" or "2620:0:2d0:200::7". This IP address is what identifies your site’s hosted data on the internet.     Adhering to Laws and Regulations Across Jurisdictions  [Component][List][Markers] Custom    Just like in real life, navigating the internet requires following a diverse array of laws and regulations. Trustname operates under the legal frameworks of multiple jurisdictions and the contractual obligations set forth by ICANN, with compliance monitored and enforced by ICANN’s Contractual Compliance Department.  We manage domain names for customers (registrants) and must comply with ICANN’s Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA) as well as each registry’s contract, known as a Registry-Registrar Agreement (RRA). This includes various responsibilities such as collecting domain owner contact information and publishing it in public Whois records (which is why you need Trustname's Domain Privacy Protection), providing transfer codes upon request, and responding to abuse reports as required.   Additionally, we must adhere to consensus policies established by ICANN’s diverse community of Internet stakeholders. These policies, which focus on the administration of the DNS, are developed by working groups within the community and approved by the ICANN Board of Directors.  As a registrar, Trustname is subject to the laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Specifically, we adhere to regulations in Estonia and can only be influenced by court orders issued in Estonia, as that’s where we are physically located.     The Golden Principle of Self-Doubt In Practice  We helped draft the DNS Abuse Framework, which outlines our stance on various categories of abuse. However, following these rules can sometimes be challenging and this is where our Golden Principle of Self-Doubt comes into play. This principle guides us to err on the side of caution, provide avenues for appeal, and consult with experts when necessary.     Transparency and Ethical Considerations In Internet Governance  Transparency is a key component of our approach. At Trustname, we know that the Internet can be complex and occasionally chaotic. This is why we value its freedom and diversity while being aware of its challenges.      To promote accountability and openness, Trustname publishes regular transparency reports detailing how we handle legal requests, abuse complaints, and domain-related actions. These reports provide insight into our processes and reinforce our commitment to due process and responsible internet governance.     When addressing complaints, we strive to strike a balance between adhering to the rules and considering fairness. This ensures that we listen to everyone before taking any action.  [+] [Notice] Info   Insert title here [+] [Notice] Title ->   [+] [Notice] Title  The Role of Trustname In the Complex Digital Landscape   In a world where people often fail to play fair, we at Trustname are deeply committed to fair governance, adhering to the rules and transparency. This is why we proudly carry the responsibility of being the most trusted domain registrar in the modern digital age.      

Domain Registration, Transfers & Pushes

Domain Basics

The Power of a Trusted Domain Registrar

<p data-identifyelement="484" dir="ltr">At Fewmoretaps OÜ doing business as Trustname ("Trustname"), we believe that the customer comes first. As a result, we have developed policies over the years which ensure that we respond responsibly to copyright and trademark complaints made to us regarding domains and hosted content, and that we do so in a manner that respects our customer. As such, our policies include notifying the customer of a complaint and forwarding the details of the complaint.</p><p data-identifyelement="485"><br data-identifyelement="486"></p><div class="note note--warning" data-identifyelement="474"><h4 class="note-title" data-identifyelement="475">NOTICE</h4><p data-identifyelement="476">When utilizing our copyright and trademark complaint procedures, you acknowledge and agree to the sharing of Your complaint with the relevant customer. You further attest that you are authorized to provide to Trustname all personal information contained therein and that such authorization includes Trustname’s processing of said personal information. Processing shall include retention and disclosure as is useful or needed to otherwise address such complaint as determined by Trustname in its sole discretion.</p></div><p data-identifyelement="488"><br data-identifyelement="489"></p><h2 data-identifyelement="490" dir="ltr">Copyright Complaints</h2><p data-identifyelement="491"><br data-identifyelement="492"></p><p data-identifyelement="493" dir="ltr">Copyright claims are covered by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”), whereby a copyright holder may issue a formal complaint known as a DMCA Takedown Notice. If you believe that you have a valid copyright claim related to a Trustname customer, you may submit a DMCA Takedown Notice in accordance with this policy.</p><p data-identifyelement="494"><br data-identifyelement="495"></p><p data-identifyelement="496"><strong data-identifyelement="497">DMCA Takedown Notice.</strong> If we receive a DMCA notice from a copyright holder regarding hosted content, we will follow the requirements set in place by the DMCA. We will:</p><p data-identifyelement="498"><br data-identifyelement="499"></p><ol data-identifyelement="477"><li data-identifyelement="478" dir="ltr">Make sure the notice is DMCA-compliant. At a minimum, it must include:</li></ol><ul class="list-bullet" data-identifyelement="479"><li data-identifyelement="480" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="506" dir="ltr">Specification of Copyrighted Content.&nbsp;</strong>Identification of the work which is claimed to be copyrighted and infringed, or, if multiple copyrighted works at a single online site are covered by the notification, a representative list of such works at that site.</li><li data-identifyelement="507" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="508">Location of Infringing Material.&nbsp;</strong>Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing, or to be the subject of infringing activity, and that is to be removed, or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit Trustname to locate the material. This must include the specific URLs for each infringing instance.</li><li data-identifyelement="509" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="510">Contact Information for Complaining Party.&nbsp;</strong>Information reasonably sufficient to permit Trustname to contact the complaining party, such as name, address, and telephone number, as well as facsimile number and email, if available, at which the complaining party may be contacted.</li><li data-identifyelement="511" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="512">Good Faith Statement.&nbsp;</strong>A statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.</li><li data-identifyelement="513" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="514">Statement Under Perjury.</strong> A statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the complaining party is authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly being infringed.</li><li data-identifyelement="515"><strong data-identifyelement="516">Signature.&nbsp;</strong>A physical or electronic signature of the complaining party or its agent.</li></ul><ol class="list-colored" data-identifyelement="538"><li data-identifyelement="481" dir="ltr">Forward that notice to our customer, and make it clear how to proceed.</li><li data-identifyelement="482" dir="ltr">If the DMCA notice relates to content hosted on our servers, we will temporarily remove, or disable access to, the disputed content.</li><li data-identifyelement="483" dir="ltr">Give our customer the opportunity to counter-notice the DMCA notice. If our customer has counter-noticed a DMCA notice in reference to specific works in circumstances that do not amount to a repeat infringement, we will restore any disputed works promptly upon counter-notice as described below.</li></ol><p data-identifyelement="526"><br data-identifyelement="527"></p><p data-identifyelement="528">You should be aware that if Trustname acts only as the domain registrar, and does not provide hosting services in respect of the disputed content, we do not have the technical ability to take action in response to a DMCA notice. You will need to contact the hosting provider</p><p data-identifyelement="529"><br data-identifyelement="530"></p><p data-identifyelement="531" dir="ltr">Further, Trustname will determine in its sole and absolute discretion what constitutes repeat infringement.</p><p data-identifyelement="532"><br data-identifyelement="533"></p><p data-identifyelement="534"><strong data-identifyelement="535">DMCA Counter-Notice Procedure.&nbsp;</strong>If we receive a proper DMCA Takedown Notice from a copyright holder, we will email a copy of the notice to our customer to provide them with the opportunity to submit a DMCA Counter-Notice. We will advise our customer of the following:</p><p data-identifyelement="536"><br data-identifyelement="537"></p><ol class="list-colored" data-identifyelement="538"><li data-identifyelement="539" dir="ltr">If Trustname provides hosting services in respect of the disputed content, we have removed or disabled access to that material due to notice of an alleged copyright infringement.</li><li data-identifyelement="540" dir="ltr">If our customer believes that the identification of infringing content is in error, Trustname suggests contacting the reporting copyright owner to resolve the matter. If the reporting copyright owner agrees there is a mistake, they should email Trustname at legal@trustname.com. The content the subject of the DMCA notice may then be reinstated.</li><li data-identifyelement="541">If it is not possible to come to an agreement with the reporting copyright owner, the customer may submit a DMCA Counter-Notice to Trustname within ten (10) business days of the date of our notice. The Counter-Notice is a legal document and must comply with the requirements of the DMCA. It must include the following:</li></ol><p data-identifyelement="542"><br data-identifyelement="543"></p><ul class="list-bullet" data-identifyelement="544"><li data-identifyelement="545" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="546">Contact Information.&nbsp;</strong>Contact information, including name, address, and telephone number, as well as facsimile number and email, if available.</li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="548">Statement under Perjury.&nbsp;</strong>A statement, under penalty of perjury, that the party providing the Counter-Notice has a good faith belief that the material was removed or disabled as a result of mistake, or misidentification of the material to be removed or disabled.</li><li data-identifyelement="549" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="550">Previous Location of Alleged Infringing Material.&nbsp;</strong>Identification of the material that has been removed, or to which access has been disabled, and the location at which the material appeared before it was removed or access was disabled.</li><li data-identifyelement="551" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="552">Consent to Jurisdiction.&nbsp;</strong>A statement that the party providing the Counter-Notice consents to the jurisdiction of Estonia in which the address provided is located or, if that address is outside Estonia, and that it will accept service of process from the complaining party or its agent.</li><li data-identifyelement="553"><strong data-identifyelement="554">Signature.&nbsp;</strong>A physical or electronic signature of the party providing the Counter-Notice or its agent.</li></ul><p data-identifyelement="555"><br data-identifyelement="556"></p><p data-identifyelement="557" dir="ltr">4. By submitting a Counter-Notice to Trustname, our customer waives any legal or equitable rights or remedies he or she has, or may have, against Trustname with respect to the Counter-Notice, any claims regarding any aspect of the disputed content and its publication and/or Trustname's action in implementing a takedown or re-establishing the content, and agrees to indemnify and hold Trustname, and its owners/operators and/or affiliates, harmless to the fullest extent allowed by law regarding all matters relating to the sending of a Counter-Notice.</p><p data-identifyelement="558"><br data-identifyelement="559"></p><p data-identifyelement="560" dir="ltr">If our customer responds with a proper Counter-Notice, we will:</p><p data-identifyelement="561"><br data-identifyelement="562"></p><ol class="list-colored" data-identifyelement="563"><li data-identifyelement="564" dir="ltr">Provide a copy of that Counter-Notice to the complaining party.</li><li data-identifyelement="565" dir="ltr">Advise the complaining party that the disputed content will be reinstated in ten (10) business days unless Trustname receives notice from the reporting copyright owner that he or she has filed an action against our customer under the DMCA in a court of competent jurisdiction for copyright infringement and is seeking a court order to restrain our customer from publishing the disputed content.</li><li data-identifyelement="566" dir="ltr">If Trustname does not receive such notification from the complaining party, we will replace the removed material, or cease disabling access to it, in not less than ten (10) business days and not more than fourteen (14) business days from receipt of our customer’s Counter-Notice.</li></ol><p data-identifyelement="567"><br data-identifyelement="568"></p><h2 data-identifyelement="569" dir="ltr">Trademark Complaints</h2><p data-identifyelement="570"><br data-identifyelement="571"></p><p data-identifyelement="572" dir="ltr">Trademark complaints are outside the scope of a DMCA Takedown Notice. However, if you believe your trademark complaint may also constitute a copyright infringement, and it is published on a website using Trustname’s hosting services, you may choose to submit your complaint according to the DMCA Takedown Notice procedure outline above.</p><p data-identifyelement="573"><br data-identifyelement="574"></p><p data-identifyelement="575" dir="ltr">Below is Trustname’s procedure for processing trademark complaints in various scenarios.</p><p data-identifyelement="576"><br data-identifyelement="577"></p><p data-identifyelement="578" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="579">Domain Names.&nbsp;</strong>If you believe that a domain name and its use violates your trademark, you may either pursue the matter in a U.S. court of law or have the matter adjudicated under the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (“UDRP”) or, where available, the Uniform Rapid Suspension System (“URS”). These are the two forums for adjudicating such issues.</p><p data-identifyelement="580"><br data-identifyelement="581"></p><p data-identifyelement="582" dir="ltr">The UDRP is a mandatory administrative proceeding adopted by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”) to resolve disputes regarding the registration of domain names. All ICANN accredited registrars are required to follow the UDRP. As an ICANN accredited registrar, Trustname and its customers are bound by the UDRP. Nothing in this policy should be construed to modify or supersede the UDRP. More information regarding the UDRP is available <a data-identifyelement="484" href="https://trustname.com/article/202000036419">here</a> or <a data-identifyelement="518" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/dndr-2012-02-25-en" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">here</a>. Information about the URS is available <a data-identifyelement="485" href="https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/urs" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p data-identifyelement="583"><strong data-identifyelement="584"><br data-identifyelement="585"></strong></p><p data-identifyelement="586" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="587">Trademark Owners.&nbsp;</strong>If you believe that you have a trademark complaint that is not related to a domain name, and that does not fall under a copyright claim, you may submit a valid and formal notice of a trademark complaint as outlined below. When you submit a trademark complaint, you acknowledge and agree that we may forward your complaint to our customer. You further attest that you have authorization to share and instruct Trustname to disclose any personal information contained therein and agree to hold Trustname harmless for the processing of this personal information. It should include:</p><p data-identifyelement="588"><br data-identifyelement="589"></p><ol class="list-colored" data-identifyelement="590"><li data-identifyelement="591" dir="ltr">Details of the trademark or servicemark (“mark”) that is claimed to be infringed, including the registration number and jurisdiction or geographical area to which it applies.</li><li data-identifyelement="592" dir="ltr">The name, address and telephone number of the owner of the mark.</li><li data-identifyelement="593" dir="ltr">The goods and/or services covered by or offered under the mark.</li><li data-identifyelement="594" dir="ltr">A description of how you believe the mark is being infringed, including the precise location of the infringing mark.</li><li data-identifyelement="595">Sufficient evidence that the owner of the website that is claimed to be infringing the mark is a Trustname customer.</li></ol><p data-identifyelement="596"><br data-identifyelement="597"></p><p data-identifyelement="598" dir="ltr">You should be aware that, we cannot take any further action without a U.S. court order or a UDRP, or URS, ruling. However, you are welcome to address your notice to the domain owner directly. Their contact details can be found by using the Trustname WHOIS tool: https://trustname.com/domains/whois/</p><p data-identifyelement="599"><br data-identifyelement="600"></p><p data-identifyelement="601" dir="ltr">Note that the contact details of the domain owner may be hidden due to GDPR. In this case, you are welcome to click on the 'Contact domain holder' button and submit the corresponding form. For more information, visit the gdpr-info.eu website.</p><p data-identifyelement="602"><br data-identifyelement="603"></p><p data-identifyelement="604" dir="ltr">If the contact details are hidden by the WHOIS privacy protection service (WHOIS Privacy Protection Service LLC), feel free to send your email to the protected email address (like ****.protect@whoispps.com). It will be forwarded to the real email address of the domain holder. Please note that we do not guarantee that you will receive a response from our clients, as we cannot force them to enter into an email correspondence.</p><p data-identifyelement="605"><br data-identifyelement="606"></p><p data-identifyelement="607" dir="ltr">Please be informed that per our policy, WHOIS contact information protected by WHOIS Privacy Protection Service LLC can be revealed only based on an official request from a court (refer to https://trustname.com/legal/general/court-order-and-subpoena-policy/).</p><p data-identifyelement="608"><br data-identifyelement="609"></p><h2 data-identifyelement="610" dir="ltr">Repeat Infringement</h2><p data-identifyelement="611"><br data-identifyelement="612"></p><p data-identifyelement="613" dir="ltr">We will do everything in our power to fairly protect your right to freely use the Internet. However, repeated violation of this policy, or repeated infringement of copyrighted works, trademarks or other intellectual property, will lead to termination in appropriate circumstances. Trustname will, in its sole and absolute discretion, determine what constitutes repeat infringement.</p><p data-identifyelement="614"><br data-identifyelement="615"></p><h2 data-identifyelement="616">Further Questions &amp; Contact Information</h2><p data-identifyelement="617"><br data-identifyelement="618"></p><p data-identifyelement="619" dir="ltr">If you have any questions about how Trustname deals with trademark and copyright complaints, please contact us by email or regular mail at the following address:</p><p data-identifyelement="620"><br data-identifyelement="621"></p><p data-identifyelement="622" dir="ltr"><span data-identifyelement="486" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; display: inline !important;">Fewmoretaps OÜ doing business as Trustname</span></p><p data-identifyelement="623">Legal Department</p><p data-identifyelement="624"><br data-identifyelement="625"></p><p data-identifyelement="626">Roseni tn 13</p><p data-identifyelement="627">Harju maakond</p><p data-identifyelement="628">Kesklinna linnaosa</p><p data-identifyelement="629">Tallinn, 10111</p><p data-identifyelement="630" dir="ltr">Estonia</p><p data-identifyelement="631"><br data-identifyelement="632"></p><p data-identifyelement="633" dir="ltr">legal@trustname.com</p>

 At Fewmoretaps OÜ doing business as Trustname ("Trustname"), we believe that the customer comes first. As a result, we have developed policies over the years which ensure that we respond responsibly to copyright and trademark complaints made to us regarding domains and hosted content, and that we do so in a manner that respects our customer. As such, our policies include notifying the customer of a complaint and forwarding the details of the complaint.      NOTICE  When utilizing our copyright and trademark complaint procedures, you acknowledge and agree to the sharing of Your complaint with the relevant customer. You further attest that you are authorized to provide to Trustname all personal information contained therein and that such authorization includes Trustname’s processing of said personal information. Processing shall include retention and disclosure as is useful or needed to otherwise address such complaint as determined by Trustname in its sole discretion.      Copyright Complaints     Copyright claims are covered by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”), whereby a copyright holder may issue a formal complaint known as a DMCA Takedown Notice. If you believe that you have a valid copyright claim related to a Trustname customer, you may submit a DMCA Takedown Notice in accordance with this policy.     DMCA Takedown Notice. If we receive a DMCA notice from a copyright holder regarding hosted content, we will follow the requirements set in place by the DMCA. We will:      Make sure the notice is DMCA-compliant. At a minimum, it must include:    Specification of Copyrighted Content. Identification of the work which is claimed to be copyrighted and infringed, or, if multiple copyrighted works at a single online site are covered by the notification, a representative list of such works at that site.  Location of Infringing Material. Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing, or to be the subject of infringing activity, and that is to be removed, or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit Trustname to locate the material. This must include the specific URLs for each infringing instance.  Contact Information for Complaining Party. Information reasonably sufficient to permit Trustname to contact the complaining party, such as name, address, and telephone number, as well as facsimile number and email, if available, at which the complaining party may be contacted.  Good Faith Statement. A statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.  Statement Under Perjury. A statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the complaining party is authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly being infringed.  Signature. A physical or electronic signature of the complaining party or its agent.    Forward that notice to our customer, and make it clear how to proceed.  If the DMCA notice relates to content hosted on our servers, we will temporarily remove, or disable access to, the disputed content.  Give our customer the opportunity to counter-notice the DMCA notice. If our customer has counter-noticed a DMCA notice in reference to specific works in circumstances that do not amount to a repeat infringement, we will restore any disputed works promptly upon counter-notice as described below.      You should be aware that if Trustname acts only as the domain registrar, and does not provide hosting services in respect of the disputed content, we do not have the technical ability to take action in response to a DMCA notice. You will need to contact the hosting provider     Further, Trustname will determine in its sole and absolute discretion what constitutes repeat infringement.     DMCA Counter-Notice Procedure. If we receive a proper DMCA Takedown Notice from a copyright holder, we will email a copy of the notice to our customer to provide them with the opportunity to submit a DMCA Counter-Notice. We will advise our customer of the following:      If Trustname provides hosting services in respect of the disputed content, we have removed or disabled access to that material due to notice of an alleged copyright infringement.  If our customer believes that the identification of infringing content is in error, Trustname suggests contacting the reporting copyright owner to resolve the matter. If the reporting copyright owner agrees there is a mistake, they should email Trustname at legal@trustname.com. The content the subject of the DMCA notice may then be reinstated.  If it is not possible to come to an agreement with the reporting copyright owner, the customer may submit a DMCA Counter-Notice to Trustname within ten (10) business days of the date of our notice. The Counter-Notice is a legal document and must comply with the requirements of the DMCA. It must include the following:       Contact Information. Contact information, including name, address, and telephone number, as well as facsimile number and email, if available.  Statement under Perjury. A statement, under penalty of perjury, that the party providing the Counter-Notice has a good faith belief that the material was removed or disabled as a result of mistake, or misidentification of the material to be removed or disabled.  Previous Location of Alleged Infringing Material. Identification of the material that has been removed, or to which access has been disabled, and the location at which the material appeared before it was removed or access was disabled.  Consent to Jurisdiction. A statement that the party providing the Counter-Notice consents to the jurisdiction of Estonia in which the address provided is located or, if that address is outside Estonia, and that it will accept service of process from the complaining party or its agent.  Signature. A physical or electronic signature of the party providing the Counter-Notice or its agent.      4. By submitting a Counter-Notice to Trustname, our customer waives any legal or equitable rights or remedies he or she has, or may have, against Trustname with respect to the Counter-Notice, any claims regarding any aspect of the disputed content and its publication and/or Trustname's action in implementing a takedown or re-establishing the content, and agrees to indemnify and hold Trustname, and its owners/operators and/or affiliates, harmless to the fullest extent allowed by law regarding all matters relating to the sending of a Counter-Notice.     If our customer responds with a proper Counter-Notice, we will:      Provide a copy of that Counter-Notice to the complaining party.  Advise the complaining party that the disputed content will be reinstated in ten (10) business days unless Trustname receives notice from the reporting copyright owner that he or she has filed an action against our customer under the DMCA in a court of competent jurisdiction for copyright infringement and is seeking a court order to restrain our customer from publishing the disputed content.  If Trustname does not receive such notification from the complaining party, we will replace the removed material, or cease disabling access to it, in not less than ten (10) business days and not more than fourteen (14) business days from receipt of our customer’s Counter-Notice.      Trademark Complaints     Trademark complaints are outside the scope of a DMCA Takedown Notice. However, if you believe your trademark complaint may also constitute a copyright infringement, and it is published on a website using Trustname’s hosting services, you may choose to submit your complaint according to the DMCA Takedown Notice procedure outline above.     Below is Trustname’s procedure for processing trademark complaints in various scenarios.     Domain Names. If you believe that a domain name and its use violates your trademark, you may either pursue the matter in a U.S. court of law or have the matter adjudicated under the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (“UDRP”) or, where available, the Uniform Rapid Suspension System (“URS”). These are the two forums for adjudicating such issues.     The UDRP is a mandatory administrative proceeding adopted by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”) to resolve disputes regarding the registration of domain names. All ICANN accredited registrars are required to follow the UDRP. As an ICANN accredited registrar, Trustname and its customers are bound by the UDRP. Nothing in this policy should be construed to modify or supersede the UDRP. More information regarding the UDRP is available here or here. Information about the URS is available here.     Trademark Owners. If you believe that you have a trademark complaint that is not related to a domain name, and that does not fall under a copyright claim, you may submit a valid and formal notice of a trademark complaint as outlined below. When you submit a trademark complaint, you acknowledge and agree that we may forward your complaint to our customer. You further attest that you have authorization to share and instruct Trustname to disclose any personal information contained therein and agree to hold Trustname harmless for the processing of this personal information. It should include:      Details of the trademark or servicemark (“mark”) that is claimed to be infringed, including the registration number and jurisdiction or geographical area to which it applies.  The name, address and telephone number of the owner of the mark.  The goods and/or services covered by or offered under the mark.  A description of how you believe the mark is being infringed, including the precise location of the infringing mark.  Sufficient evidence that the owner of the website that is claimed to be infringing the mark is a Trustname customer.      You should be aware that, we cannot take any further action without a U.S. court order or a UDRP, or URS, ruling. However, you are welcome to address your notice to the domain owner directly. Their contact details can be found by using the Trustname WHOIS tool: https://trustname.com/domains/whois/     Note that the contact details of the domain owner may be hidden due to GDPR. In this case, you are welcome to click on the 'Contact domain holder' button and submit the corresponding form. For more information, visit the gdpr-info.eu website.     If the contact details are hidden by the WHOIS privacy protection service (WHOIS Privacy Protection Service LLC), feel free to send your email to the protected email address (like ****.protect@whoispps.com). It will be forwarded to the real email address of the domain holder. Please note that we do not guarantee that you will receive a response from our clients, as we cannot force them to enter into an email correspondence.     Please be informed that per our policy, WHOIS contact information protected by WHOIS Privacy Protection Service LLC can be revealed only based on an official request from a court (refer to https://trustname.com/legal/general/court-order-and-subpoena-policy/).     Repeat Infringement     We will do everything in our power to fairly protect your right to freely use the Internet. However, repeated violation of this policy, or repeated infringement of copyrighted works, trademarks or other intellectual property, will lead to termination in appropriate circumstances. Trustname will, in its sole and absolute discretion, determine what constitutes repeat infringement.     Further Questions & Contact Information     If you have any questions about how Trustname deals with trademark and copyright complaints, please contact us by email or regular mail at the following address:     Fewmoretaps OÜ doing business as Trustname  Legal Department     Roseni tn 13  Harju maakond  Kesklinna linnaosa  Tallinn, 10111  Estonia     legal@trustname.com 